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of Species\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u7684\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0\u3008\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u96be\u9898\u3009\uff08Difficulties of the Theory\uff09\u7684\u300c\u6781\u5176\u5b8c\u7f8e\u548c\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5668\u5b98\u300d\uff08Organs of Extreme Perfection and Complication\uff09\u8fd9\u4e00\u8282\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u76f4\u8a00\u4e0d\u8bb3\u5730\u5199\u5230\uff0c\u300c\u773c\u775b\u6709\u8c03\u8282\u7126\u8ddd\u3001\u5141\u8bb8\u4e0d\u540c\u91c7\u5149\u91cf\u548c\u7ea0\u6b63\u7403\u9762\u50cf\u5dee\u548c\u8272\u5dee\u7684\u65e0\u4e0e\u4f26\u6bd4\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002\u6211\u5766\u767d\u5730\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u773c\u775b\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u5047\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u6700\u8352\u8c2c\u53ef\u7b11\u7684\u3002\uff08To suppose that the eye with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, absurd in the highest degree.\uff0912\u300d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7d27\u63a5\u7740\u53c8\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u5f53\u65e5\u5fc3\u8bf4\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u88ab\u63d0\u51fa\u6765\u65f6\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u5e38\u8bc6\u8ba4\u5b9a\u5b83\u662f\u4e0d\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\uff1b\u4f46\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5148\u524d\u7684\u5730\u5fc3\u8bf4\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u6240\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u300c\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e00\u53ea\u5b8c\u7f8e\u3001\u590d\u6742\u7684\u773c\u775b\u80fd\u7531\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5728\u4eba\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u60f3\u50cf\u4e2d\u662f\u96be\u4ee5\u514b\u670d\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5bf9\u8fd9\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u98a0\u8986\u3002\uff08the difficulty of believing that a perfect and complex eye could be formed by natural selection, though insuperable by our imagination, should not be considered as subversive of the theory.\uff0913\u300d\u4ed6\u4ecd\u51ed\u4fe1\u5fc3\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u590d\u6742\u7684\u773c\u775b\u53ef\u4ee5\u7531\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u773c\u775b\u8fdb\u5316\u800c\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u300a\u7269\u79cd\u8d77\u539f\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u51fa\u7248\u540e\uff0c1860\u5e742\u6708\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u5728\u7ed9\u670b\u53cb\u7684\u4fe1\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u300c\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u773c\u775b\u4ee4\u6211\u4e0d\u5bd2\u800c\u6817\uff1b\u4f46\u5f53\u6211\u60f3\u5230\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u5fae\u5c0f\u6e10\u8fdb\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u7406\u6027\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\uff0c\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u6218\u80dc\u8fd9\u79cd\u60ca\u60e7\u3002\uff08The eye to this day gives me a cold shudder, but when I think of the fine known gradations, my reason tells me I ought to conquer the cold shudder.\uff0914\u300d\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u773c\u775b\u6210\u56e0\u7684\u9634\u5f71\uff0c\u5728\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u5fc3\u4e2d\u4ecd\u6325\u4e4b\u4e0d\u53bb\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u518d\u6b21\u7528\u4fe1\u5fc3\u514b\u670d\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u60ca\u60e7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u5e76\u6ca1\u80fd\u5316\u89e3\u4ed6\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u96be\u9898\u3002\u300a\u7269\u79cd\u8d77\u6e90\u300b\u53d1\u8868\u8fc4\u4eca\u5df2\u4e00\u767e\u591a\u5e74\uff0c\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u3001\u5206\u5b50\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u3001\u751f\u7269\u5316\u5b66\u7b49\u5b66\u79d1\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u957f\u8db3\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5728\u5206\u5b50\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec6\u80de\u3001\u751a\u81f3\u4e00\u9879\u770b\u4f3c\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u751f\u547d\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u90fd\u8fdc\u8fdc\u6bd4\u5728\u89e3\u5256\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u770b\u5230\u7684\u773c\u775b\u3001\u8111\u90e8\u3001\u5fc3\u810f\u3001\u6d88\u5316\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u5faa\u73af\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u795e\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u808c\u8089\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u9aa8\u9abc\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u7cbe\u5999\u5668\u5b98\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u548c\u7cbe\u5999\uff01\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u5f53\u5e74\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u96be\u9898\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u96be\u4e86\u300215<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u548c\u4e2d\u95f4\u578b\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u7f3a\u4e4f\uff0c\u5168\u529b\u652f\u6301\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7684\u8d6b\u80e5\u9ece\uff08Thomas H. Huxley\uff09\u66fe\u79c1\u4e0b\u591a\u6b21\u529d\u544a\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u63a5\u53d7\u8df3\u8dc3\u5f0f\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5e76\u8b66\u544a\u8bf4\uff1a\u300c\u4f60\u8fd9\u6837\u6beb\u65e0\u4fdd\u7559\u5730\u63a5\u53d7\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u7edd\u65e0\u5927\u8dc3\u8fdb\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4f7f\u4f60\u9677\u5165\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u300d16\u4f46\u6309\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u5927\u8dc3\u8fdb\uff08\u6216\u5927\u7a81\u53d8\uff09\u8fdb\u5316\uff0c\u5982\u773c\u775b\u7684\u7a81\u7136\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u5c31\u7b49\u4e8e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u795e\u8ff9\u3002\u800c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u6df1\u77e5\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\u6700\u5177\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u3001\u6700\u72ec\u5230\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u6bd4\u8f83\u79d1\u5b66\u5316\u3001\u62d2\u7edd\u4e00\u5207\u79d1\u5b66\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u8d85\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u7528\u7eaf\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u89e3\u91ca\u751f\u7269\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\uff1b\u4ed6\u53ea\u6709\u7528\u6e10\u8fdb\u3001\u5fae\u5c0f\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5927\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u6301\u5b88\u4ed6\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u7acb\u573a\u3002\u4ed6\u660e\u786e\u5730\u8bf4\uff1a\u300c\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4eba\u80fd\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5668\u5b98\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4ece\u65e0\u6570\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u3001\u5fae\u5c0f\u7684\u7a81\u53d8\u800c\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\u5c31\u5f97\u5b8c\u5168\u74e6\u89e3\u4e86\u3002\u300d17\u4ed6\u7ed9\u4ed6\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u3001\u8457\u540d\u5730\u8d28\u5b66\u5bb6\u8d56\u5c14\uff08Charles Lyell\uff09\u7684\u4fe1\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u8df3\u8dc3\u5f0f\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6301\u4e25\u5389\u6279\u8bc4\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u300c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u7406\u8bba\u5fc5\u987b\u501f\u52a9\u8fd9\u79cd\u7a81\u7136\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u624d\u80fd\u8bf4\u5f97\u901a\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u5f03\u4e4b\u4e3a\u7caa\u571f\u3002\u2026\u2026\u5982\u679c\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b65\u9aa4\u4e2d\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u52a0\u4e0a\u795e\u5947\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u90a3\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u7406\u8bba\u5c31\u4e0d\u503c\u5206\u6587\u4e86\u3002\u300d18<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7528\u706d\u79cd\u7684\u5047\u8bf4\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u6446\u8131\u56f0\u5883\uff0c\u575a\u6301\u8fde\u7eed\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u73af\u8282\u7684\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u56e0\u4e0d\u9002\u5e94\u73af\u5883\u800c\u706d\u4ea1\uff0c\u4fdd\u7559\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u751f\u7269\u4e4b\u95f4\u5219\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u4e0d\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u3002\u5018\u82e5\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u8bb8\u591a\u88ab\u706d\u7edd\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u73af\u8282\u7684\u751f\u7269\u7684\u9057\u4f53\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u5f53\u5e74\u56e0\u5316\u77f3\u8d44\u6599\u5c1a\u4e0d\u5145\u5206\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u8fd9\u79cd\u5047\u8bf4\u52c9\u5f3a\u8fc7\u5173\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e00\u767e\u591a\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u5145\u5206\u7684\u5316\u77f3\u8bc1\u636e\u4e2d\u6839\u672c\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u7edd\u706d\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u7c7b\u578b\u75d5\u8ff9\u7684\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u8fdb\u5316\u601d\u60f3\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u88ab\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u8005\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u60c5\u7406\u4e4b\u4e2d\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u662f\u8df3\u8dc3\u5f0f\u7684\u5927\u7a81\u53d8\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u6e10\u53d8\u7406\u8bba\u5c06\u88ab\u63a8\u5012\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5374\u65e0\u4eba\u80fd\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u5927\u7a81\u53d8\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u627e\u51fa\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u8a79\u8153\u529b\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u300c\u7ec6\u5bdf\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5927\u7a81\u53d8\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6700\u5927\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u672c\u8eab\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u4e0e\u7279\u522b\u521b\u9020\u8bba\u4e4b\u95f4\u6beb\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u8def\u7ebf\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u9053\u65af\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u5c06\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u4e2d\u8bb0\u8f7d\u7684\u4eba\u5728\u5c18\u571f\u4e2d\u88ab\u9020\uff0c\u770b\u4f5c\u5927\u7a81\u53d8\u3002\u4ece\u5316\u77f3\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u770b\uff0c\u5927\u7a81\u53d8\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u65b0\u7269\u79cd\u4e0d\u77e5\u4e3a\u4f55\u4ece\u65e0\u53d8\u6709\u3002\u4ee5\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u6765\u8bc4\u4ef7\uff0c\u300e\u5927\u7a81\u53d8\u5f0f\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u300f\u5c31\u662f\u5f53\u5e74\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u9996\u5148\u6307\u79f0\u7684\uff1a\u5783\u573e\uff01\u300d19\u8fde\u7eed\u3001\u6e10\u8fdb\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u7406\u8bba\u65e2\u7ad9\u7acb\u4e0d\u4f4f\uff0c\u8df3\u8dc3\u7684\u5927\u7a81\u53d8\u4e3b\u4e49\u53c8\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7acb\u8bba\u4f9d\u636e\uff0c\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u6b63\u9677\u5165\u7a7a\u524d\u7684\u5371\u673a\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u8fdb\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff1a\u5747\u53d8\u8fd8\u662f\u7a81\u53d8\uff1f<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u671f\uff0c\u54c8\u987f\uff08James Hutton\uff09\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u5730\u7403\u6982\u8bba\u300b\uff08Theory of the Earth\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\uff0c\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5730\u8d28\u5b66\u7684\u5f00\u7aef\u3002\u54c8\u987f\u5728\u8be5\u4e66\u4e2d\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u5212\u4e00\u539f\u5219\u300d\uff08The Principle of Uniformitarianism\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u4e00\u53e5\u540d\u8a00\u662f\uff1a\u300c\u4eca\u5929\u4e43\u662f\u89e3\u91ca\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u94a5\u5319\u3002\u300d\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u501f\u7740\u73b0\u5728\u5bf9\u73b0\u4eca\u5730\u8d28\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u5730\u7403\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u5730\u8d28\u5b66\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u82f1\u56fd\u5730\u8d28\u5b66\u5bb6\u8d56\u5c14\uff08Charles Lyell\uff09\u5728\u4ed6\u8457\u540d\u7684\u300a\u5730\u8d28\u5b66\u7eb2\u8981\u300b\uff08Principle of Geology\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5b8c\u5584\u4e86\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u5212\u4e00\u539f\u5219\u300d\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u5730\u7403\u7684\u53d8\u8fc1\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u7531\u73b0\u4eca\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6f2b\u957f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u9010\u6e10\u7d2f\u79ef\u800c\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e0e\u5747\u53d8\u8bf4\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4ee5\u6cd5\u56fd\u53e4\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c45\u7ef4\u9875\uff08Baron George Cuvier\uff09\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u707e\u53d8\u5b66\u8bf4\uff08catastrophism\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5730\u8d28\u8bb0\u5f55\u6240\u663e\u793a\u7684\u4e43\u662f\u591a\u6b21\u56e0\u5929\u707e\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u7a81\u7136\u5267\u53d8\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u5747\u53d8\u3002\u8d56\u5c14\u4e0e\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u662f\u540c\u4ee3\u4eba\u3002\u8d56\u5c14\u7684\u5747\u53d8\u8bba\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u7406\u8bba\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u6f2b\u957f\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u63a8\u51fa\u300a\u7269\u79cd\u8d77\u6e90\u300b\u540e\uff0c\u8d56\u5c14\u7684\u5747\u53d8\u8bba\u9010\u6e10\u88ab\u666e\u904d\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5316\u77f3\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u5bf9\u5747\u53d8\u8bba\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u4e0d\u5229\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5316\u77f3\u8bb0\u5f55\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u751f\u7269\u7a81\u7136\u540c\u65f6\u7edd\u706d\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5f88\u591a\u65b0\u79cd\u7a81\u7136\u540c\u65f6\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u63a5\u7740\u662f\u4e00\u6bb5\u957f\u671f\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u4e24\u6b21\u7269\u79cd\u5927\u7edd\u706d\u662f\u4e8c\u53e0\u7eaa\u5927\u7edd\u706d\uff08Permian Extinction\uff09\u548c\u300cK-T\u300d\u5927\u7edd\u706d\u3002\u4e8c\u53e0\u7eaa\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u8d28\u65f6\u671f\uff08\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7ea6\u57282.5\u4ebf\u5e74\u524d\uff09\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u6b21\u7edd\u706d\u4e2d\uff0c\u6d77\u6d0b\u4e2d\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u4e94\u5341\u7684\u65e0\u810a\u690e\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u300c\u79d1\u300d\uff08Family\uff09\uff0c\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u4e5d\u5341\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u300c\u79cd\u300d\u4e00\u540c\u7edd\u706d\u3002K-T\u8868\u793a\u767d\u57a9\u7eaa\uff08Cretaceous\uff09\u548c\u7b2c\u4e09\u7eaa\uff08Tertiary\uff09\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5730\u8d28\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u4ea4\u754c\u5904\u3002\u6050\u9f99\u5728\u767d\u57a9\u7eaa\uff08\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5728\u516d\u5343\u4e94\u767e\u4e07\u5e74\u524d\uff09\u975e\u5e38\u591a\uff0c\u4f46\u8fdb\u5165\u7b2c\u4e09\u7eaa\u7acb\u5373\u6d88\u5931\u5f97\u65e0\u5f71\u65e0\u8e2a\u3002\u5230\u73b0\u5728\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u6050\u9f99\u7edd\u706d\u4e4b\u8c1c\u4ecd\u672a\u89e3\u5f00\uff0c\u591a\u6570\u8bc1\u636e\u8d8b\u5411\u4e8e\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5929\u707e\uff08\u5982\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u6b92\u77f3\u649e\u51fb\u5730\u7403\u7b49\uff09\u6240\u81f4\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u5e38\u8bc6\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5229\u4e8e\u5747\u53d8\u8bba\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4\uff0c\u7164\u662f\u690d\u7269\u7684\u9057\u4f53\u5f62\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u77f3\u6cb9\u662f\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u9057\u4f53\u53d8\u6210\u7684\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u90fd\u5e38\u5e38\u53d1\u73b0\u5927\u7247\u5927\u7247\u7684\u7164\u7530\u548c\u542b\u6cb9\u7684\u5ca9\u5c42\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u52a8\u3001\u690d\u7269\u662f\u540c\u65f6\u5927\u91cf\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u88ab\u57cb\u85cf\u5728\u5730\u4e0b\u7684\u3002\u7269\u79cd\u5f62\u6210\u540e\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u300c\u6d3b\u5316\u77f3\u300d\u6e05\u695a\u8868\u660e\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u300c\u6d3b\u5316\u77f3\u300d\u662f\u6307\u4eba\u4eec\u5148\u5728\u5316\u77f3\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5176\u540e\u65b9\u77e5\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u7136\u6d3b\u7740\u7684\u751f\u7269\u3002\u94f6\u674f\uff08Ginkgo biloba\uff09\u548c\u6c34\u6749\u5c5e\u690d\u7269\uff08Metasequoia\uff09\u662f\u4e2d\u751f\u4ee3\uff08The Mesozoic\uff09\u7684\u8457\u540d\u677e\u67cf\u7c7b\u690d\u7269\uff0c\u6709\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u5316\u77f3\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u524d\u624d\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u7c7b\u6811\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u4ecd\u7136\u6d3b\u7740\uff01\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d3b\u6811\u4e0e\u5316\u77f3\u76f8\u8ddd\u4e00\u3001\u4e24\u4ebf\u5e74\uff08\u6309\u540c\u4f4d\u7d20\u6d4b\u5e74\u6cd5\uff09\u4e4b\u9065\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u6027\u72b6\u5374\u65e0\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u8154\u68d8\u9c7c\uff08Coelacanth\uff09\u4e5f\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6d3b\u5316\u77f3\uff08\u89c1\u540e\u8ff0\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u4e2d\u95f4\u73af\u8282\u7684\u7f3a\u5931<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u90fd\u4ee5\u4e3a\uff0c\u5316\u77f3\u4e3a\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5145\u5206\u4f9d\u636e\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6700\u5927\u56f0\u96be\u6b63\u662f\u5316\u77f3\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u3002\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u6700\u5927\u7684\u654c\u4eba\u4e0d\u662f\u5b97\u6559\u9886\u8896\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u5316\u77f3\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u4eec\u3002\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u53d1\u8868\u300a\u7269\u79cd\u8d77\u6e90\u300b\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u77f3\u7070\u5ca9\u5c42\u53d1\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u7269\u5316\u77f3\uff0c\u88ab\u53d6\u540d\u4e3a\u300c\u59cb\u7956\u9e1f\u300d\uff08Archaeopteryx\uff09\uff0c\u517c\u5177\u722c\u884c\u52a8\u7269\u548c\u9e1f\u7c7b\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u7531\u722c\u884c\u7c7b\u8fdb\u5316\u5230\u9e1f\u7c7b\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u8005\u4e3a\u4e4b\u96c0\u8dc3\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e3a\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u5df2\u627e\u5230\u5145\u5206\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u3002\u7136\u800c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u672c\u4eba\u5341\u5206\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u5316\u77f3\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u663e\u660e\u4e2d\u95f4\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7f3a\u5931\uff0c\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u81f4\u547d\u4f24\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u63a8\u8bff\u4e8e\u5316\u77f3\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e00\u767e\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u5df2\u53d1\u73b0\u8bb8\u591a\u4fdd\u5b58\u76f8\u5f53\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u5730\u5c42\uff0c\u5bf9\u5176\u4e2d\u6240\u4fdd\u5b58\u7684\u5316\u77f3\u4e5f\u4f5c\u4e86\u6df1\u5165\u800c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e2d\u95f4\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5316\u77f3\u4ecd\u96be\u5bfb\u89c5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u52a8\u7269\u771f\u662f\u4ece\u65e0\u810a\u690e\u5230\u810a\u690e\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u4ece\u9c7c\u7c7b\u5230\u4e24\u6816\u7c7b\u3001\u722c\u884c\u7c7b\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u518d\u5230\u9e1f\u7c7b\u548c\u54fa\u4e73\u7c7b\u8fd9\u6837\u8fdb\u5316\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e2d\u95f4\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6d3b\u7269\u6216\u5316\u77f3\u5e94\u8be5\u968f\u5904\u53ef\u89c1\u3001\u4fef\u9996\u7686\u62fe\u624d\u5bf9\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u5f53\u5e74\u5c1a\u6709\u501f\u53e3\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u8005\u9762\u5bf9\u5316\u77f3\u7684\u96be\u9898\uff0c\u518d\u4e0d\u80fd\u81ea\u5706\u5176\u8bf4\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u66f4\u6709\u751a\u8005\uff0c\u50cf\u59cb\u7956\u9e1f\u3001\u8154\u68d8\u9c7c\uff08Coelacanth\uff09\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u8457\u540d\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5316\u77f3,\u73b0\u5df2\u5f97\u800c\u590d\u5931\u4e86\u3002\u59cb\u7956\u9e1f\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u722c\u884c\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff08\u5982\u524d\u80a2\u6709\u722a\uff09\uff0c\u5df2\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u6d3b\u9e1f\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u300220\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u539f\u4ee5\u4e3a\u59cb\u7956\u9e1f\u662f\u534a\u722c\u534a\u98de\u7684\uff1b\u73b0\u636e\u5176\u722a\u7684\u5f62\u72b6\uff0c\u5df2\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5df2\u80fd\u6816\u606f\u5728\u6811\u4e0a\u7684\u9e1f\u300221\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u8fd1\u5e74\u5728\u8fbd\u5b81\u7701\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e0e\u59cb\u7956\u9e1f\u540c\u671f\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u9e1f\u7684\u5316\u77f3\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u59cb\u7956\u9e1f\u5e76\u975e\u9e1f\u7c7b\u7684\u7956\u5148\u300222\u7531\u4e0a\u8ff0\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u59cb\u7956\u9e1f\u5df2\u5931\u53bb\u9e1f\u7684\u7956\u5148\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u8154\u68d8\u9c7c\u5316\u77f3\u7684\u9aa8\u9abc\u7c97\u58ee\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u80f8\u9ccd\u4e2d\u6709\u5c0f\u9aa8\uff1b\u53e4\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u63a8\u60f3\uff1a\u4e00\u65e6\u80f8\u9ccd\u53d8\u6210\u524d\u80a2\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u767b\u9646\u3001\u53d8\u6210\u4e24\u6816\u7c7b\u4e86\u30021938\u5e74\uff0c\u6e14\u592b\u5728\u897f\u5370\u5ea6\u6d0b\u6355\u83b7\u4e00\u79cd\u9c7c\uff0c\u5176\u9aa8\u9abc\u4e0e\u8154\u68d8\u9c7c\u5316\u77f3\u51e0\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5b83\u6839\u672c\u6ca1\u6709\u9002\u5e94\u9646\u5730\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u7279\u5f81\uff08\u5982\u80ba\u7b49\uff09\u300223<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e0d\u7ba1\u600e\u4e48\u8bf4\uff0c\u59cb\u7956\u9e1f\u3001\u8154\u68d8\u9c7c\u591a\u5c11\u6cbe\u4e00\u70b9\u300c\u4e2d\u95f4\u7c7b\u578b\u300d\u7684\u8fb9\u513f\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u9aa8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Donald E. Chittick\uff09\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u300c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u66fe\u7ecf\u5386\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5d29\u6e83\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u6216\u4ee5\u4e3a\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u662f\u7ecf\u8fc7\u591a\u5e74\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u624d\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u51cf\u9000\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u624d\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u88ab\u7528\u4ee5\u5f25\u8865\u5426\u5b9a\u300e\u521b\u9020\u300f\u540e\u9057\u7559\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u7a7a\u7f3a\u3002\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u5438\u5f15\u4eba\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u80fd\u628a\u79d1\u5b66\u4e8b\u5b9e\u89e3\u91ca\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u5408\u7406\u3002\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u53ea\u662f\u4eba\u6452\u5f03\u300e\u521b\u9020\u300f\u540e\uff0c\u7528\u4f5c\u5f25\u8865\u7a7a\u7f3a\u7684\u4ee3\u66ff\u54c1\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u300d32\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u63a8\u51fa\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6b63\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u524d\u9762\u5df2\u7ecf\u8c08\u5230\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u5728\u53d1\u8868\u300a\u7269\u79cd\u8d77\u6e90\u300b\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u9762\u5bf9\u7740\u51e0\u4e2a\u6781\u4e3a\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u662f\u5316\u77f3\u7684\u96be\u9898\uff1a\u5bd2\u6b66\u7eaa\u751f\u547d\u5927\u7206\u70b8\u548c\u8fc7\u6e21\u578b\u751f\u7269\u7684\u5316\u77f3\u7f55\u89c1\u3002\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba\u627f\u8ba4\u5316\u77f3\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u662f\u300c\u6700\u660e\u663e\u53cd\u5bf9\u6211\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7684\u6700\u5927\u7406\u7531\u3002\u300d\u4ed6\u4e5f\u5766\u767d\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u5bf9\u6b64\u300c\u6211\u4e0d\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u300d\uff0c\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u597d\u50cf\u6545\u610f\u9690\u85cf\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u8fc7\u6e21\u6027\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u578b\u300d\u300233<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u56f0\u96be\u662f\u8fdb\u5316\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u6f2b\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u5047\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u8fde\u7eed\u3001\u6e10\u8fdb\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u4e0e\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u540c\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u8457\u540d\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u5f00\u5c14\u6587\uff08W. Thomson, Lord Kelvin\uff09\uff0c\u7528\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8ba1\u7b97\u5730\u7403\u7684\u5e74\u9f84\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u5343\u4e94\u767e\u4e07\u5e74\u5230\u4e09\u5343\u4e07\u5e74\uff0c\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u4ee4\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u4f7f\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u5f88\u607c\u706b\u3002\u4f46\u5f00\u5c14\u6587\u7528\u7269\u7406\u5b9a\u5f8b\u6240\u5f97\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u53c8\u65e0\u4ece\u53cd\u9a73\uff0c\u6545\u4ed6\u79f0\u5f00\u5c14\u6587\u4e3a\u300c\u8ba8\u538c\u7684\u5e7d\u7075\u300d\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5316\u77f3\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u652f\u6301\u5730\u7403\u73af\u5883\u7a81\u53d8\u6216\u707e\u53d8\u7684\u5047\u8bf4\uff0c34\u4f46\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4ecd\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u4e0e\u5316\u77f3\u8bc1\u636e\u4e0d\u7b26\u7684\u8d56\u5c14\u7684\u5747\u53d8\u5047\u8bf4\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0e\u4ed6\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u3001\u6e10\u53d8\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u5047\u8bf4\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u8fdb\u5316\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u6f2b\u957f\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u671f\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u521b\u9020\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u6bd4\u6bd4\u7686\u662f\uff0c\u773c\u775b\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u597d\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u627f\u8ba4\u773c\u775b\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7531\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u4e8e\u4ed6\u53d1\u8868\u300a\u7269\u79cd\u8d77\u6e90\u300b\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e00\u60f3\u5230\u773c\u775b\u4ecd\u611f\u5230\u5bb3\u6015\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7b14\u8005\u5341\u5206\u6b23\u8d4f\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u8fd9\u79cd\u5766\u8bda\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e1d\u6beb\u4e0d\u9690\u7792\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u56f0\u60d1\u3001\u70e6\u607c\u548c\u60ca\u9a87\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u4ece\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u5185\u5fc3\u8868\u767d\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u6bd4\u8f83\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u770b\u5230\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff1a\u51ed\u7740\u65e0\u795e\u7684\u3001\u8981\u7528\u7eaf\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u9610\u660e\u751f\u547d\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u548c\u51b3\u5fc3\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u6709\u9650\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u8fdb\u5316\u5047\u8bf4\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u5730\u5bfb\u627e\u652f\u6301\u5176\u5047\u8bf4\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e0d\u5229\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u5168\u7136\u4e0d\u987e\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u6e90\u4e8e\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u6765\u81ea\u5145\u5206\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u4f9d\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6c60\u8fea\u514b\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u300c\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u65b0\u53d1\u73b0\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53eb\u4eba\u6539\u6295\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u662f\u4eba\u5bf9\u54f2\u7406\u548c\u795e\u5b66\u7684\u53d6\u5411\uff0c\u80fd\u53eb\u4eba\u5426\u5b9a\u300e\u521b\u9020\u300f\uff0c\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u8df3\u8fdb\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u3002\u300d\u300c\u4eca\u65e5\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u4ecd\u672a\u5bdf\u89c9\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5b83\u5c5e\u4e8e\u54f2\u5b66\u8fc7\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u8303\u7574\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u5148\u662f\u601d\u60f3\u53d8\u4e86\uff0c\u624d\u63a5\u53d7\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5f8b\uff0c\u89e3\u91ca\u751f\u547d\u4e4b\u6e90\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u9003\u907f\u8d85\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u521b\u9020\u8bba\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u6070\u5de7\u80fd\u586b\u8865\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7a7a\u7f3a\u3002\u300d35\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u300a\u7269\u79cd\u8d77\u6e90\u300b\u95ee\u4e16\u65f6\uff0c\u89e3\u653e\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u8868\u73b0\u6bd4\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\u3002\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u548c\u6069\u683c\u65af\u4e5f\u66fe\u7ecf\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8bf4\u660e\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u4e0e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a\u300c\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u770b\u5b87\u5b99\uff0c\u518d\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u7a7a\u95f4\u5bb9\u7eb3\u4e00\u4f4d\u521b\u9020\u8005\u6216\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u4e86\u3002\u300d36<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7f8e\u56fd\u662f\u4ee5\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u601d\u60f3\u7acb\u56fd\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f46\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bf9\u795e\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u8fd1\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u6765\u5728\u6025\u5267\u8870\u9000\u4e2d\u3002\u5bc7\u5c14\u68ee\u535a\u58eb\uff08Charles Colson\uff09\u5c16\u9510\u5730\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u300c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u8fd1\u81f31954\u5e74\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u8fd8\u6bc5\u7136\u51b3\u7136\u5730\u62d2\u7edd\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b97\u6559\u4e2d\u7acb\u5316\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u3002\u6cd5\u5b98\u9053\u683c\u62c9\u65af\uff08William O. Douglas\uff09\u8fd9\u6837\u8bf4\uff1a\u300e\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u653f\u4f53\u7684\u521b\u8bbe\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u5929\u5730\u95f4\u6709\u6700\u9ad8\u4e3b\u5bb0\u7684\u5927\u524d\u9898\u3002\u300f\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u77ed\u77ed\u51e0\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u5374\u51fa\u5c14\u53cd\u5c14\uff0c\u5426\u51b3\u4e86\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u51c6\u8bb8\u7977\u544a\u4e4b\u6848\u3002\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u8bfe\u5802\u6b63\u5f0f\u7948\u7977\uff0c\u56fa\u7136\u4e0d\u80fd\u963b\u6b62\u6211\u4eec\u968f\u65f6\u968f\u5730\u7977\u544a\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u63d0\u6848\u5374\u53cd\u5e94\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u503e\u5411\uff1a\u5728\u56fd\u4e8b\u4e0a\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u9010\u6e10\u6d88\u5931\u4e86\u3002\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u575b\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51b3\u5b9a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u9707\u64bc\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8db3\u4ee5\u5f15\u53d1\u65ad\u5c42\u7684\u5730\u9707\u3002\u300d\u300c\u81f370\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u4e0e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6240\u5171\u6709\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\uff0c\u5ffd\u89c6\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u6709\u589e\u65e0\u51cf\u3002\u5728\u653f\u575b\u4e0a\u3001\u56fd\u4e8b\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u843d\u4f0d\u3001\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u59a8\u788d\u3002\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u8d8b\u5411\u65e0\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u516c\u7136\u654c\u5bf9\u5b97\u6559\uff0c1973\u5e74\u7684\u5815\u80ce\u5408\u6cd5\u5316\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cd\u6559\u7684\u9ad8\u5cf0\u3002\u300d37\u548c\u6cd5\u9662\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u73b0\u5728\u4ecd\u575a\u6301\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u89c2\uff0c\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u300c\u7528\u7eaf\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u4e00\u5207\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u300d\u79d1\u5b66\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u771f\u7406\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u9014\u5f84\u3002\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u88ab\u4eba\u62ab\u4e0a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5916\u8863\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u575a\u6301\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u3001\u6559\u6388\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u53d8\u6210\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u300c\u79d1\u5b66\u6c34\u51c6\u300d\u7684\u65f6\u5c1a\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u5341\u5206\u6295\u5408\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u89e3\u653e\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u6765\u4e0d\u53ca\u5bf9\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u4f5c\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u548c\u7f1c\u5bc6\u7684\u5ba1\u89c6\uff0c\u4fbf\u5168\u76d8\u5730\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u5b83\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ee5\u5404\u79cd\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5411\u5927\u4f17\u4f20\u64ad\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u4eba\u4eec\u4ee5\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u8bfe\u5802\u6559\u6388\u7684\u3001\u6216\u5199\u5728\u4e66\u4e0a\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u771f\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5176\u5b9e\u4e0d\u7136\u3002\u5728\u7b14\u8005\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u88ab\u5f53\u4f5c\u795e\u5723\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fb5\u72af\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e5f\u76f4\u63a5\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u6240\u5de6\u53f3\u3002\u4e0a\u5927\u5b66\u65f6\uff0c\u8bfe\u5802\u4e0a\u53ea\u80fd\u8bb2\u6388\u7c73\u4e18\u6797\u548c\u674e\u68ee\u79d1\u7684\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\uff0c\u800c\u5b5f\u5fb7\u5c14\u548c\u6469\u5c14\u6839\u7684\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u5219\u88ab\u51a0\u4ee5\u300c\u552f\u5fc3\u3001\u53cd\u52a8\u300d\uff0c\u4e00\u68cd\u5b50\u6253\u6b7b\u3002\u540e\u6765\u4e2d\u82cf\u5173\u7cfb\u51fa\u73b0\u88c2\u75d5\uff0c\u674e\u68ee\u79d1\u7684\u52a3\u8ff9\u88ab\u63ed\u9732\uff0c\u5b5f\u5fb7\u5c14\u7684\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u624d\u5f97\u4ee5\u767b\u4e0a\u5927\u96c5\u4e4b\u5802\uff0c\u5e76\u7acb\u5373\u5f97\u5230\u5b66\u751f\u4eec\u7684\u8ba4\u540c\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u88ab\u5199\u5165\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u8868\u660e\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u662f\u771f\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u6240\u6301\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4ece\u8001\u5e08\u90a3\u91cc\u542c\u6765\u3001\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u4e0a\u770b\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7684\u7acb\u8bba\u4f9d\u636e\u7684\u6df1\u5165\u8003\u8bc1\u3002\u8bd5\u95ee\uff0c\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u4ecd\u76f8\u4fe1\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7684\u4eba\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u4eba\u8bfb\u8fc7\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u300a\u7269\u79cd\u8d77\u6e90\u300b\u7684\u539f\u6587\u7248\u5462\uff1f\u4e5f\u8bb8\uff0c\u8ba4\u771f\u628a\u300a\u7269\u79cd\u8d77\u6e90\u300b\u7684\u4e2d\u8bd1\u672c\u4ece\u5934\u5230\u5c3e\u8bfb\u8fc7\u4e00\u904d\u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u4e0d\u591a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\u53c8\u5982\u4f55\u5462\uff1f\u5f7c\u5f97\u900a\uff08Colin Patterson\uff09\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u81ea\u7136\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u8d44\u6df1\u53e4\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u8be5\u9986\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7b80\u4ecb\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u624b\u7b14\u30021981\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u81ea\u7136\u535a\u7269\u9986\u4f5c\u4e86\u4e00\u6b21\u6f14\u8bb2\u3002\u4ed6\u8be6\u7ec6\u5730\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e86\u521b\u9020\u8bba\u4e0e\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e24\u8005\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u9760\u4fe1\u5fc3\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u6f14\u8bb2\u4e2d\u4ed6\u5411\u5728\u5ea7\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u4eec\u4e25\u8083\u5730\u63d0\u51fa\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u300c\u4f60\u4eec\u80fd\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\uff0c\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u91cc\u9762\u6709\u54ea\u4e00\u6761\u3001\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u6761\u2026\u2026\u662f\u4f60\u786e\u5b9e\u77e5\u9053\u3001\u5b8c\u5168\u65e0\u8bef\u7684\u771f\u7406\u5462\uff1f\u6211\u66fe\u95ee\u8fc7\u81ea\u7136\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5730\u8d28\u90e8\u7684\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u6211\u6240\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u7b54\u6849\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u9759\u9ed8\u3002\u6211\u53c8\u95ee\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5927\u5b66\u8fdb\u5316\u5f62\u6001\u5b66\u8bb2\u5ea7\u7684\u542c\u4f17\uff0c\u5185\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u7fa4\u8457\u540d\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u5b66\u8005\u3002\u7b49\u4e86\u5f88\u4e45\u8fd8\u662f\u4e00\u7247\u6c89\u5bc2\u3002\u6700\u540e\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u8bf4\uff1a\u300e\u6211\u786e\u77e5\u7684\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4ef6\u2014\u2014\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u9ad8\u4e2d\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u6559\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u3002\u300f\u300d38<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6211\u540c\u610f\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u5b66\u5bb6\u514b\u65af\u8131\uff08Irving Kristol\uff09\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u614e\u91cd\u58f0\u660e\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u662f\u7efc\u5408\u5404\u5bb6\u4e0d\u540c\u5b66\u8bf4\u3001\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u5047\u8bbe\u4e0a\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4e0d\u53ef\u8d28\u7591\u3001\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u79d1\u5b66\u5047\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u6559\u6388\u662f\u65e0\u53ef\u539a\u975e\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u51e0\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u963f\u62c9\u5df4\u9a6c\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u9879\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u8981\u5728\u8be5\u5dde\u516c\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u4e0a\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u901a\u544a\uff1a\u300c\u8b66\u544a\uff0c\u8fd9\u672c\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u751f\u7269\uff08\u5982\u690d\u7269\u3001\u52a8\u7269\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b\uff09\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff1b\u5f53\u751f\u547d\u9996\u6b21\u5728\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u51fa\u73b0\u65f6\uff0c\u65e0\u4eba\u5728\u573a\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u9648\u8ff0\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u88ab\u5f53\u4f5c\u7406\u8bba\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\uff08Warning: This textbook discusses evolution, a controversial theory some scientists present as a scientific explanation for the origin of living things, such as plants, animals and humans, no one was present when life first appeared on earth, therefore, any statement about life\u2019s origins should be considered as theory, not fact.\uff09\u300d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7f8e\u56fd\u582a\u8428\u65af\u5dde\u6559\u80b2\u5c40\uff08The Kansas Board of Education\uff09\u4e8e1999\u5e748\u670811\u65e5\u901a\u8fc7\u51b3\u8bae\uff1a\u4ece\u8be5\u5dde\u516c\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53d6\u6d88\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7684\u6559\u6388\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e00\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u4ecd\u53ef\u80fd\u51b3\u5b9a\u6559\u6388\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u8be5\u5dde\u7684\u4f30\u8bc4\u6d4b\u9a8c\uff08State assessment tests\uff09\u4e2d\u4e0d\u518d\u8003\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u5148\u5165\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u4eba\u8bef\u8ba4\u4e3a\u771f\u7406\u800c\u56fa\u5b88\u3002\u51e0\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u5230\u4e00\u6240\u5927\u5b66\u8bbf\u95ee\u5e76\u4f5c\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u798f\u97f3\u77ed\u8bb2\u3002\u805a\u4f1a\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\u6709\u4e00\u6bb5\u81ea\u7531\u4ea4\u8c08\u3002\u4e00\u4f4d\u535a\u58eb\u751f\u8d70\u8fd1\u6211\u95ee\u9053\uff1a\u300c\u4f60\u76f8\u4fe1\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u5417\uff1f\u300d\u6211\u56de\u7b54\u8bf4\uff1a\u300c\u6211\u8fc7\u53bb\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4e86\u3002\u300d\u4e0d\u6599\u4ed6\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u6781\u4e3a\u5f3a\u70c8\u3001\u7387\u76f4\uff1a\u300c\u4f60\u8fde\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u90fd\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u597d\u8c08\u7684\u4e86\u3002\u300d\u8bf4\u5b8c\u540e\u5c31\u8d70\u5f00\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u4e0d\u7981\u4e00\u9635\u5401\u5618\uff1a\u4ed6\u662f\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u662f\u5b66\u751f\u7269\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u6211\u5bf9\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u4f1a\u6bd4\u4ed6\u591a\u4e00\u70b9\u5427\uff1f\u4ed6\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0d\u95ee\u4e00\u95ee\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6211\u8fc7\u53bb\u4fe1\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u3001\u800c\u73b0\u5728\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4e86\u5462\uff1f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4ed6\u5bf9\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u6709\u5982\u6b64\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u4e0d\u5c51\u4e0e\u4e0d\u4fe1\u8005\u4ea4\u8c08\u5462\uff1f\u4ece\u4ed6\u8eab\u4e0a\u6211\u5f77\u5f7f\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u4fe1\u4e3b\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u6211\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u660e\u767d\u4e86\u521b\u9020\u4e0e\u8fdb\u5316\u4e4b\u4e89\u7684\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0d\u662f\u5b66\u672f\u4e4b\u4e89\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u4e24\u5957\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e4b\u4e89\u540e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u73b0\u5728\u4ecd\u76f8\u4fe1\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\uff0c\u4e5f\u5e0c\u671b\u5b58\u4e00\u9897\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u5fc3\uff0c\u8ba4\u771f\u5730\u628a\u521b\u9020\u8bba\u3001\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u4f5c\u4e00\u756a\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u91cd\u4f30\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u865a\u5fc3\u542c\u53d6\u4e0d\u540c\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5e76\u4f5c\u6df1\u5165\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u624d\u80fd\u4e0d\u65ad\u4fee\u6b63\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e4b\u4e00\u6b65\u4e00\u6b65\u5730\u903c\u8fd1\u771f\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u770b\u6cd5<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u5bf9\u751f\u7269\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u5927\u4f53\u6709\u4e09\u79cd\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u53eb\u6743\u5a01\u521b\u9020\u8bba\u6216\u79d1\u5b66\u521b\u9020\u8bba\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u79f0\u4e3a\u795e\u5bfc\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u53c8\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u8fdb\u5316\u521b\u9020\u8bba\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u662f\u5fae\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6301\u6743\u5a01\u521b\u9020\u8bba\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u6309\u5b57\u9762\u89e3\u91ca\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b87\u5b99\u4e07\u7269\u662f\u795e\u5728\u516d\u65e5\u5185\u521b\u9020\u7684\uff0c\u4e00\u65e5\u662f\u4e8c\u5341\u56db\u5c0f\u65f6\uff1b\u5168\u7136\u53cd\u5bf9\u4efb\u4f55\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b87\u5b99\u5f88\u5e74\u8f7b\uff0c\u5730\u8d28\u7684\u53d8\u52a8\u4e43\u662f\u632a\u4e9a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u6d2a\u6c34\u6240\u81f4\u3002\u83ab\u745e\u58eb\u535a\u58eb\uff08Dr. Henry M. Morris\uff09\u6240\u7740\u7684\u300a\u79d1\u5b66\u521b\u9020\u8bba\u300b\uff08Scientific Creationism\uff09\u53ef\u8c13\u5176\u4ee3\u8868\u4f5c\u300239\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u521b\u9020\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff08Institute for Creation Research\uff09\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u7740\u529b\u7814\u7a76Mount St. Helens\u706b\u5c71\uff08\u516b\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u66fe\u7206\u53d1\uff09\u548c\u5927\u5ce1\u8c37\uff08Grand 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9a\u5316\u77f3\u3001\u5ca9\u77f3\u7edd\u5bf9\u5e74\u9f84\u7684\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u540c\u4f4d\u7d20\u6cd5\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e9b\u524d\u8bbe\uff08\u5982\u8870\u53d8\u7684\u96f6\u70b9\u3001\u901f\u7387\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\uff09\u96be\u4ee5\u51c6\u786e\uff0c\u5176\u6d4b\u5b9a\u7684\u5e74\u9f84\u5e38\u5e38\u5927\u4e8e\u5b9e\u9645\u5e74\u9f84\u3002\u7b2c\u56db\uff0c\u8fd1\u5e74\u5206\u5b50\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4eba\u7ec6\u80de\u4e2d\u7ebf\u7c92\u4f53\u7684DNA\uff08mt-DNA\uff09\u548c\u7537\u4ebaY\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\u4e0a\u7684ZEY\u57fa\u56e0\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7537\u4eba\u548c\u5973\u4eba\u8ddd\u4eca\u4e8c\u5341\u5230\u4e09\u5341\u4e07\u5e7442\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6881\u6590\u751f\u535a\u58eb\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u300c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u5bb6\u66fe\u7ecf\u4ee5\u4e3a\u4eba\u79cd\uff08Homo sapiens\uff09\u6700\u4f4e\u9650\u5ea6\u5fc5\u65e9\u5728\u51e0\u5341\u4e07\u5e74\u524d\u5c31\u5df2\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u4f46\u81ea\u4e03\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e00\u81f4\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u300e\u4eba\u7c7b\uff08Homo sapiens\uff09\u5927\u7ea6\u5728\u56db\u4e07\u5e74\u524d\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0d\u77e5\u4ece\u54ea\u91cc\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u300f\u300d39<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1865\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u4f1a\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u7531\u516d\u767e\u4e00\u5341\u4e03\u4eba\u7b7e\u7f72\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u5b97\u6559\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5ba3\u8a00\uff0c\u73b0\u5b58\u4e8e\u725b\u6d25\u535a\u5fb7\u4f26\uff08Bodleian\uff09\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u3002\u5176\u5ba3\u8a00\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u300c\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u53d1\u5e03\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u82e5\u5e72\u4eba\u58eb\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u63a2\u6c42\u79d1\u5b66\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6000\u7591\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u771f\u7406\u53ca\u5176\u6b63\u786e\u6027\uff1b\u543e\u4eba\u4e8e\u6b64\uff0c\u6df1\u611f\u9057\u61be\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u795e\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5199\u5728\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5199\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u754c\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5374\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f7c\u6b64\u53d1\u751f\u51b2\u7a81\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u5f53\u7262\u8bb0\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u79d1\u5b66\u5c1a\u672a\u81fb\u4e8e\u5b8c\u5584\uff0c\u5c1a\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u6539\u8fdb\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff1b\u76ee\u524d\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u9650\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f77\u5f7f\u5bf9\u7740\u955c\u5b50\u89c2\u770b\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u6a21\u7173\u4e0d\u6e05\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u73b0\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u4e0d\u52a0\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5f92\u51ed\u5176\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u5b9a\u5f8b\u548c\u4e00\u77e5\u534a\u89e3\uff0c\u6000\u7591\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u5b9e\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u4ee4\u543e\u4eba\u4e3a\u4e4b\u75db\u60dc\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u6df1\u4fe1\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4f4d\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7814\u7a76\u81ea\u7136\uff0c\u5176\u552f\u4e00\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u9610\u660e\u771f\u7406\u3002\u5018\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6210\u679c\u53d1\u73b0\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u6709\u6240\u7274\u89e6\uff08\u5176\u5b9e\u53ea\u662f\u5bf9\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u66f2\u89e3\uff09\uff0c\u5343\u4e07\u4e0d\u53ef\u8f7b\u7387\u6b66\u65ad\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\uff0c\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u8bb0\u8f7d\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\uff1b\u800c\u5e94\u6301\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u5e73\u5fc3\u9759\u6c14\uff0c\u542c\u795e\u7684\u6307\u793a\uff0c\u786e\u4fe1\u4e8c\u8005\u5fc5\u7136\u76f8\u7b26\uff0c\u7edd\u4e0d\u53ef\u504f\u6267\u6210\u89c1\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u6709\u51b2\u7a81\u5206\u6b67\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u300d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u82f1\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u4f1a\u7684\u5ba3\u8a00\u81f3\u4eca\u5df2\u903e\u767e\u5e74\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u8bfb\u8d77\u6765\u4ecd\u975e\u5e38\u4eb2\u5207\u3001\u4e2d\u80af\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u505a\u7684\u662f\u575a\u4fe1\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\uff0c\u575a\u4fe1\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u51b3\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f7c\u6b64\u76f8\u6096\uff1b\u5bf9\u5728\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u6216\u521b\u9020\u8bba\u4e2d\u6709\u5f85\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6f84\u6e05\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8010\u5fc3\u7b49\u5f85\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u6b63\u50cf\u5173\u4e8e\u5b87\u5b99\u8d77\u6e90\u548c\u751f\u547d\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u65b0\u53d1\u73b0\u4e00\u6837\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e0e\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1809\u5e74\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\uff08Charles Robert Darwin\uff09\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u7684\u8fd1\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u8fb9\u754c\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u57ce\u9547\u82cf\u5179\u4f2f\u5229\uff08Shrewbury\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u59d0\u59d0\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u54e5\u54e5\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u59b9\u59b9\uff0c\u7236\u4eb2\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u6210\u529f\u7684\u533b\u751f\u3002\u4ed6\u4e94\u5c81\u65f6\uff0c\u6bcd\u4eb2\u4fbf\u53bb\u4e16\u4e86\u3002\u4ed6\u66fe\u88ab\u9001\u5230\u8be5\u57ce\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u6821\u5b66\u4e60\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u548c\u5e0c\u814a\u6587\u8fd1\u4e03\u5e74\u3002\u56e0\u4ed6\u5bf9\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u6beb\u65e0\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u5341\u516d\u5c81\u65f6\u8fdb\u5165\u7231\u4e01\u5821\u5927\u5b66\uff08Edinburgh University\uff09\u5b66\u533b\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u4ed6\u54e5\u54e5\u4f0a\u62c9\u65af\u83ab\u65af\uff08Erasmus\uff09\u4e5f\u6b63\u5728\u8be5\u6821\u5b66\u4e60\u3002\u4ed6\u7236\u4eb2\u5e0c\u671b\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u80fd\u7ee7\u627f\u7956\u4e1a\u884c\u533b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e24\u5e74\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u4e24\u6b21\u89c1\u4e60\u65e0\u9ebb\u9189\u7684\u624b\u672f\u540e\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u5f00\u59cb\u5934\u75db\u3001\u5fc3\u60b8\u3001\u7ffb\u80c3\u3001\u5455\u5410\u548c\u8179\u6cfb\u3002\u51fa\u4e8e\u540c\u60c5\u7236\u4eb2\u8ba9\u4ed6\u8fdb\u5165\u5251\u6865\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u5b66\u9662\uff08Christ\u2019s College, Cambridge\uff09\u5ff5\u795e\u5b66\u9884\u79d1\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5c06\u6765\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee4\u4eba\u5c0a\u656c\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e09\u5e74\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e8c\u5341\u4e8c\u5c81\u65f6\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u6587\u5b66\u58eb\uff08B.A.\uff09\u7684\u8003\u8bd5\uff0c\u5373\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u540d\u7267\u5e08\u3002\u4ed6\u7279\u5730\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u5728\u4e61\u95f4\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u5723\u516c\u4f1a\u6559\u5802\uff0c\u4e3a\u7684\u662f\u5728\u7267\u6559\u4e4b\u4f59\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u4e8b\u4ed6\u6240\u559c\u7231\u7684\u72e9\u730e\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u540d\u533b\u751f\u6216\u7267\u5e08\uff0c\u6050\u6015\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u4eba\u77e5\u9053\u4ed6\u3002\u547d\u8fd0\u7684\u5b89\u6392\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b98\u65b9\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u540e\u6539\u79f0\u4e3a\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u6216\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\uff08Naturalist\uff09\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u730e\u72ac\u53f7\uff08HMS Beagle\uff09\u8239\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e8e1831\u5e74\u5e95\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e94\u5e74\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u8003\u5bdf\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u730e\u72ac\u53f7\u8239\u7684\u672c\u6765\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u53d1\u73b0\u548c\u6d4b\u9a8c\u6d77\u5cb8\u5730\u56fe\uff0c\u53ca\u5bfb\u627e\u6709\u5546\u4e1a\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u77ff\u7269\u3002\u4f46\u51e0\u5e74\u7684\u8003\u5bdf\uff0c\u4f7f\u70ed\u7231\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u6709\u5e78\u770b\u5230\u672a\u906d\u7834\u574f\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u754c\uff1a\u539f\u59cb\u70ed\u5e26\u96e8\u6797\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u5730\u5c42\u3001\u706b\u5c71\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u98ce\u4fd7\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u6606\u866b\u3001\u9e1f\u7c7b\u548c\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u6bcf\u79cd\u751f\u7269\u4e0e\u5b83\u4eec\u6240\u5904\u7684\u73af\u5883\u5b8c\u7f8e\u5730\u5951\u5408\u3002\u4e0d\u5c11\u4eba\u731c\u60f3\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u767b\u4e0a\u730e\u72ac\u53f7\u65f6\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u76f8\u4fe1\u8005\uff0c\u51e0\u5e74\u7684\u8003\u5bdf\u751f\u6daf\uff0c\u624d\u4f7f\u4ed6\u629b\u5f03\u5bf9\u795e\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\uff0c\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u7269\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8bef\u89e3\u3002\u6b63\u50cf\u524d\u6587\u63d0\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u5bf9\u795e\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u8870\u9000\u5728\u5148\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u624d\u8f6c\u4fe1\u8fdb\u5316\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u8bf4\u660e\u6b64\u70b9\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u4ece\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u548c\u4ed6\u6240\u53d7\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u8c08\u8d77\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u751f\u957f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u4fe1\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u7956\u7236\uff08Erasmus Darwin\uff0c1731-1802\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u8457\u540d\u7684\u533b\u751f\uff0c\u8457\u6709\u4e24\u5377\u300a\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u300b\uff08Zoonomia\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u4f7f\u7528\u300c\u8fdb\u5316\u300d\uff08Evolution\uff09\u4e00\u8bcd\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u300c\u8fdb\u5316\u4e43\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u65b0\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u56e0\u7740\u523a\u6fc0\u3001\u611f\u53d7\u3001\u610f\u5fd7\u4e0e\u8054\u60f3\u4e4b\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u53c8\u56e0\u65b0\u4e60\u6027\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4ee5\u81f4\u83b7\u5f97\u65b0\u80a2\u4f53\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u751f\u7269\u62e5\u6709\u501f\u7740\u5148\u5929\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u800c\u6539\u8fdb\u4e4b\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u80fd\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u6539\u826f\u540e\u7684\u54c1\u8d28\u4e00\u4ee3\u4ee3\u9057\u4f20\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6c38\u8fdc\u3002\u300d44\u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u5728\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u51fa\u751f\u524d\u4e03\u5e74\u5c31\u53bb\u4e16\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e00\u76f4\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u7956\u7236\u975e\u5e38\u5c0a\u656c\u3002\u4ed6\u7956\u7236\u5173\u4e8e\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5bf9\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\uff08Robert Darwin\uff09\u4e0d\u4fe1\u6bd4\u4ed6\u7956\u7236\u66f4\u751a\u3002\u8fd9\u4f4d\u8eab\u9ad8\u516d\u82f1\u5c3a\u4e8c\u82f1\u5bf8\u3001\u4f53\u91cd\u4e09\u767e\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\u78c5\u7684\u9b41\u68a7\u6c49\u5b50\uff0c\u5728\u5bb6\u91cc\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u6743\u5a01\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u4ed6\u5728\u573a\uff0c\u5bb6\u91cc\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4ea4\u8c08\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee5\u53d6\u60a6\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4e3a\u5b97\u65e8\u3002\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4ece\u5bb6\u5ead\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5c31\u53ef\u60f3\u800c\u77e5\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9664\u4e86\u5bb6\u5ead\u6559\u80b2\u5916\uff0c\u51e0\u5e74\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u751f\u6d3b\u5bf9\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u4e5f\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u5728\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u90fd\u662f\u795e\u5b66\u5360\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u5b66\u5e9c\uff0c\u5176\u5730\u7403\u79d1\u5b66\u4ecd\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e4c\u96ea\u4e3b\u6559\uff08Archbishop Ussher\uff09\u7684\u63a8\u7b97\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5730\u7403\u662f\u516c\u5143\u524d4004\u5e74\u88ab\u521b\u9020\u7684\u3002\u800c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u8fdb\u7684\u8fd9\u6240\u7231\u4e01\u5821\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u5374\u5411\u4efb\u4f55\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5f00\u653e\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u4e8e\u8c08\u4e0d\u4e0a\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002\u5728\u7231\u4e01\u5821\u4e24\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7ed3\u8bc6\u4e86\u51e0\u4f4d\u5730\u8d28\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u690d\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e00\u8d77\u8ba8\u8bba\u6cd5\u56fd\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u62c9\u9a6c\u514b\uff08Chevalier de Lamarck\uff0c1744-1829\uff09\u6240\u5021\u5bfc\u7684\u6e10\u8fdb\u5f0f\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u5b66\u8bf4\u3002\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u5f00\u59cb\u7814\u8bfb\u4ed6\u7956\u7236\u7684\u300a\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u795e\u5b66\u9884\u79d1\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4e09\u95e8\u4e3b\u4fee\u8bfe\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u6587\u5b66\u548c\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u6210\u7ee9\u90fd\u4e0d\u597d\uff0c\u552f\u72ec\u559c\u7231\u82f1\u56fd\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f69\u5229\uff08William Paley\uff09\u7684\u795e\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5b66\u4e86\u5fc5\u4fee\u7684\u4e24\u95e8\u8bfe\uff0c\u8fd8\u9605\u8bfb\u4e86\u6559\u5b66\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u300a\u81ea\u7136\u795e\u5b66\u300b\uff08Natural Theology\uff09\u3002\u4f69\u5229\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u5723\u516c\u4f1a\u8d44\u6df1\u7684\u7267\u5e08\u548c\u4f5c\u5bb6\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u795e\u5b66\u89c2\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u795e\u521b\u9020\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u540e\u5c31\u8fdc\u8fdc\u5730\u79bb\u5f00\uff0c\u518d\u4e0d\u4e0e\u53d7\u9020\u7269\u53d1\u751f\u4efb\u4f55\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u51e0\u5e74\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u751f\u6daf\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u5728\u5bf9\u795e\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u65b9\u9762\u65e0\u751a\u957f\u8fdb\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u65e0\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ed6\u540e\u6765\u5728\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u4e24\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u9009\u62e9\u5f00\u901a\u4e86\u9053\u8def\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u730e\u72ac\u53f7\u8239\u8d77\u951a\u524d\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\uff0c\u5730\u8d28\u5b66\u5bb6\u8d56\u5c14\uff08Charles Lyell\uff09\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u300a\u5730\u8d28\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u300b\uff08Principles of Geology\uff09\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\uff0c\u4f7f\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u5728\u822a\u884c\u4e2d\u9605\u8bfb\u6b64\u4e66\u3002\u8d56\u5c14\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u65e5\u770b\u5230\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u662f\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6f2b\u957f\u7684\u5343\u4e07\u5e74\u65f6\u95f4\u7f13\u6162\u5730\u3001\u9759\u9759\u5730\u9010\u6e10\u79ef\u7d2f\u800c\u6210\uff0c\u5373\u6240\u8c13\u300c\u5747\u53d8\u8bf4\u300d\u3002\u9762\u5bf9\u6d69\u701a\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u754c\uff0c\u5728\u3008\u521b\u4e16\u8bb0\u3009\u7684\u6d2a\u6c34\u548c\u8d56\u5c14\u7684\u5747\u53d8\u8bf4\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u51ed\u4fe1\u5fc3\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u8d56\u5c14\u7684\u5747\u53d8\u8bf4\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5730\u7403\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u6781\u957f\u4e45\u7684\u5e74\u65e5\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5927\u524d\u9898\u4e0b\uff0c\u822a\u884c\u7ed3\u675f\u56de\u5230\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u540e\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u64b0\u5199\u6709\u5173\u8fd9\u822a\u884c\u7684\u8bb0\u4e8b\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5927\u91cf\u9605\u8bfb\u6587\u732e\uff0c\u5bfb\u627e\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u673a\u5236\u3002\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u9605\u8bfb\u4e86\u5df4\u7279\u91cc\u514b\uff08Patrick Matthew\uff09\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff08\u53d1\u8868\u4e8e1831\u5e74\uff09\u548c\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\uff08Edward Blyth\uff09\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff08\u53d1\u8868\u4e8e1835\u5e74\u548c1837\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u4ece\u4ed6\u4eec\u6587\u4e2d\u8bba\u53ca\u7684\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u8fc7\u7a0b\u300d\uff08natural process of selection\uff09\u4e2d\u76f4\u63a5\u53d7\u5230\u542f\u793a\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u63d0\u51fa\u8457\u540d\u7684\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u300d\uff08natural selection\uff09\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u673a\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u6b64\u540e\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u5b5c\u5b5c\u4e0d\u5026\u5730\u4ece\u4e8b\u8fd9\u90e8\u5de8\u8457\u7684\u5199\u4f5c\u3002\u52301858\u5e74\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u5f97\u77e5\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u82f1\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u534e\u83b1\u58eb\uff08Alfred R. Wallace\uff0c1823-1913\uff09\u6839\u636e\u4ed6\u5728\u9a6c\u6765\u4e9a\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u7269\u533a\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e0e\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u65f6\uff0c\u5927\u4e3a\u9707\u60ca\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u8d56\u5c14\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u690d\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u80e1\u514b\u5c14\uff08Joseph Hooker\uff0c1871-1911\uff09\u7684\u529b\u4fc3\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u624d\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u8fd9\u90e8\u5de8\u8457\u7684\u5199\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e8e\u5f53\u5e74\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u6797\u5948\u5b66\u793e\uff08Linnaean Society\uff09\u4ee5\u300c\u6458\u8981\u300d\uff08abstract\uff09\u7684\u540d\u4e49\uff0c\u4e0e\u534e\u83b1\u58eb\u8054\u5408\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u957f\u8fbe490\u9875\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u8f70\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u5728\u4e16\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u5171\u51fa\u7248\u516d\u6b21\u3002\u4ed6\u4eb2\u773c\u770b\u5230\u4ed6\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u7248\u88ab\u8bd1\u6210\u51e0\u79cd\u4e3b\u8981\u5916\u56fd\u6587\u5b57\u3002\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u5352\u4e8e1882\u5e74\uff0c\u846c\u4e8e\u5a01\u65af\u654f\u65af\u7279\u6559\u5802\uff08Westminster Abbey\uff09.\u8fd9\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u6709\u540d\u4eba\u7269\u56fd\u846c\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u5893\u88ab\u5b89\u653e\u4e8e\u5927\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u725b\u987f\u7684\u5893\u65c1\uff0c\u8d56\u5c14\u4e0e\u80e1\u514b\u5c14\u4e5f\u846c\u4e8e\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u798f\u97f3\u4e66\u7c4d\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e38\u5e38\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u5173\u4e8e\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u6094\u609f\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u6709\u7684\u751a\u81f3\u8bf4\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u6700\u540e\u8ba4\u7f6a\u6094\u6539\u3001\u6210\u4e86\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u970d\u6d66\u592b\u4eba\uff08Lady Hope\uff09\u5728\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e34\u7ec8\u524d\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002\u73b0\u5c06\u5f20\u90c1\u5c9a\u535a\u58eb\u7684\u300a\u5230\u5e95\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u795e\uff1f\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u7684\u6709\u5173\u53d9\u8ff0\u5f15\u6458\u5982\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u300c\u970d\u6d66\u592b\u4eba\u4e0e\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u5148\u751f\u4e00\u6b21\u6664\u8c08\u8bb0\u8981\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fbe\u6c0f\u665a\u5e74\u7ecf\u5e38\u5367\u75c5\u5728\u5e8a\uff0c\u89c1\u4ed6\u7a7f\u7740\u7d2b\u8272\u7761\u8863\uff0c\u5e8a\u5934\u653e\u4e9b\u6795\u5934\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u8eab\u4f53\uff1b\u624b\u4e2d\u62ff\u7740\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\uff0c\u624b\u6307\u4e0d\u505c\u5730\u75c9\u631b\uff0c\u5fe7\u621a\u6ee1\u9762\u5730\u8bf4\uff1a\u300e\u6211\u8fc7\u53bb\u662f\u4e2a\u601d\u60f3\u65e0\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\uff0c\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u6211\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u7adf\u5982\u91ce\u706b\u8513\u5ef6\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u591a\u4eba\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u611f\u5230\u60ca\u5947\u3002\u300f\u4ed6\u53f9\u4e86\u53e3\u6c14\uff0c\u53c8\u8c08\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u300e\u795e\u7684\u5723\u6d01\u300f\uff0c\u300e\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u300f\u3002\u53c8\u8bf4\uff0c\u300e\u5728\u6211\u522b\u5885\u9644\u8fd1\u4f4f\u4e86\u4e09\u5341\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u6781\u9700\u4f60\u53bb\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bb2\u89e3\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u3002\u660e\u5929\u4e0b\u5348\u6211\u4f1a\u805a\u96c6\u5bb6\u4ec6\u3001\u623f\u5ba2\u3001\u90bb\u5c45\u5728\u90a3\u513f\u3002\u300f\u624b\u6307\u7a97\u5916\u4e00\u5ea7\u623f\u5b50\uff0c\u300e\u4f60\u613f\u5426\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ea4\u8c08\uff1f\u300f\u6211\u95ee\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u300e\u8c08\u4e9b\u4ec0\u4e48\u95ee\u9898\uff1f\u300f\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u300e\u57fa\u7763\u8036\u7a23\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u7942\u7684\u6551\u8d4e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u8bdd\u9898\u5417\uff1f\u300f\u5f53\u4ed6\u8bb2\u8ff0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bdd\u65f6\uff0c\u8138\u4e0a\u5145\u6ee1\u5149\u5f69\u3002\u6211\u66f4\u4e0d\u80fd\u5fd8\u8bb0\uff0c\u4ed6\u90a3\u9644\u5e26\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\uff1a\u300e\u5047\u82e5\u4f60\u660e\u5929\u4e0b\u5348\u4e09\u70b9\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u6211\u4f1a\u6253\u5f00\u8fd9\u6247\u7a97\u5b50\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4f60\u53ef\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u4e0e\u4f60\u4e00\u540c\u5531\u8d5e\u7f8e\u8bd7\u5462\uff01\u300f\uff08\u8bd1\u81eaThe Shining Light\uff09\u300d45<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4ece\u8fd9\u6bb5\u8bb0\u8ff0\u770b\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u665a\u5e74\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u6094\u6539\u4e86\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u662f\u5426\u771f\u5b9e\uff0c\u970d\u6d66\u592b\u4eba\u8bbf\u95ee\u8bb0\u662f\u5426\u771f\u6709\u5176\u4e8b\u5462\uff1f\u6cf0\u52d2\uff08Ian T. Taylor\uff09\u5728\u4ed6\u6240\u7740\u7684\u300aIn the minds of Men-Darwin and the New World 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